Diabetes (type 2)

This factsheet will refresh your knowledge of type 2 diabetes and provide you with links to appropriate further resources. As with all of our materials, these factsheets have been reviewed by topic experts.

Learn what the monitoring requirements, and targets associated with HbA1c and cholesterol results, are for people with type 2 diabetes, interpret those results accurately, and develop strategies to support patients in achieving their targets.

This guideline covers the care and management of type 2 diabetes in adults (aged 18 and over).

This e-learning programme aims to provide you with a general overview of the condition, diabetes mellitus. It includes information regarding the classification of diabetes, signs and symptoms, and criteria for diagnosis.

Please note: this e-learning programme has been developed and provided by the Northern Ireland Centre for Pharmacy Learning and Development (NICPLD). Users should recognise that this programme will refer to Northern Ireland's policies and organisations. After ordering this programme, you will be redirected to their website where the resource is hosted. Please be aware that CPPE does not maintain control over the accuracy and currency of this programme.

Learning Outcomes:

• classify diabetes mellitus into its four distinct types according to aetiology
• provide estimates for the increasing prevalence of the disease by geographical location
• list the signs and symptoms of diabetes and the criteria for its diagnosis
• state the acute and long-term complications of diabetes
• describe the key objectives for the organisation of diabetic services.

This e-learning programme aims to support you to identify the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with developing diabetes. It includes information about healthy lifestyle interventions as a means of preventing type 2 diabetes and how you can support patients with diabetes or at risk of developing diabetes.

Please note: this e-learning programme has been developed and provided by the Northern Ireland Centre for Pharmacy Learning and Development (NICPLD). Users should recognise that this programme will refer to Northern Ireland's policies and organisations. After ordering this programme, you will be redirected to their website where the resource is hosted. Please be aware that CPPE does not maintain control over the accuracy and currency of this programme.

Learning Outcomes:

• identify the main modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for developing diabetes
• state the evidence base that supports healthy lifestyle interventions as a means of preventing type 2 diabetes
• outline the healthy lifestyle choices for people with diabetes and those at risk of developing diabetes.

This e-learning programme aims to support you to effectively assist patients with type 2 diabetes in managing their blood glucose. It focuses on the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes.

Please note: this e-learning programme has been developed and provided by the Northern Ireland Centre for Pharmacy Learning and Development (NICPLD). Users should recognise that this programme will refer to Northern Ireland's policies and organisations. After ordering this programme, you will be redirected to their website where the resource is hosted. Please be aware that CPPE does not maintain control over the accuracy and currency of this programme.

Learning Outcomes:

• discuss the medicines used in the management of type 2 diabetes
• describe the role of insulin in the management of type 2 diabetes
• critically evaluate the evidence base for intensive treatment of type 2 diabetes as a means to minimising the incidence of long-term complications.

This e-learning programme aims to enable you to support people with diabetes to effectively monitor control of the condition. It focuses on the blood glucose monitoring and targets for metabolic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Please note: this e-learning programme has been developed and provided by the Northern Ireland Centre for Pharmacy Learning and Development (NICPLD). Users should recognise that this programme will refer to Northern Ireland's policies and organisations. After ordering this programme, you will be redirected to their website where the resource is hosted. Please be aware that CPPE does not maintain control over the accuracy and currency of this programme.

Learning Outcomes:

• provide advice to patients on testing of blood glucose
• make recommendations for glycaemic control based on the results of glycated haemoglobin testing
• recognise the pivotal role of patient education in empowering people with diabetes to better manage their condition
• list management targets for metabolic control to include the surveillance approaches for the early detection of diabetes complications (blood glucose, blood pressure and blood lipids).

This e-learning programme aims to support you to enhance the contribution you can make to the care of people with diabetes in the prevention and management of long-term complications. It focuses on the microvascular and macrovascular complications that can occur in patients with diabetes and the steps that can be taken to reduce the likelihood of developing these complications.

Please note: this e-learning programme has been developed and provided by the Northern Ireland Centre for Pharmacy Learning and Development (NICPLD). Users should recognise that this programme will refer to Northern Ireland's policies and organisations. After ordering this programme, you will be redirected to their website where the resource is hosted. Please be aware that CPPE does not maintain control over the accuracy and currency of this programme.

Learning Outcomes:

• describe the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes
• list the risk factors for developing microvascular and macrovascular complications
• describe how the management of risk factors can reduce the likelihood of diabetic patients developing these complications
• outline current guidelines for the treatment of hypertension and dyslipidaemia in patients with diabetes.

This e-learning programme has been developed to support you to recognise and appropriately manage a diabetic emergency. It includes information regarding the acute complications of diabetes and medical management strategies for diabetic emergencies.

Please note: this e-learning programme has been developed and provided by the Northern Ireland Centre for Pharmacy Learning and Development (NICPLD). Users should recognise that this programme will refer to Northern Ireland's policies and organisations. After ordering this programme, you will be redirected to their website where the resource is hosted. Please be aware that CPPE does not maintain control over the accuracy and currency of this programme.

Learning Outcomes:

• list the acute complications of diabetes
• describe the symptoms associated with hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
• make recommendations for how each type of emergency should be managed
• provide advice to patients on the course of action they should adopt when they are unwell.

This e-learning programme aims to develop your understanding of the impact of diabetes in pregnancy. It includes information regarding the main risk factors of diabetes during pregnancy and appropriate medical management strategies to ensure optimal control for women with diabetes who are pregnant.

Please note: this e-learning programme has been developed and provided by the Northern Ireland Centre for Pharmacy Learning and Development (NICPLD). Users should recognise that this programme will refer to Northern Ireland's policies and organisations. After ordering this programme, you will be redirected to their website where the resource is hosted. Please be aware that CPPE does not maintain control over the accuracy and currency of this programme.

Learning Outcomes:

• list the main risks to mother and baby of diabetes in pregnancy
• describe the key health promotion issues to minimise the risk factors during pregnancy
• propose changes to treatment, where appropriate, for women with diabetes who are pregnant to ensure optimal control
• provide guidance on the management of gestational diabetes.

The NHS website (formerly known as NHS Choices) contains key information for the public relating to symptoms, diagnosis, medicines and lifestyle measures relating to type 2 diabetes.

Guidance for commissioners and community pharmacies delivering NHS services

This document describes the consistent standards and safe environment for the use of point of care testing equipment and devices for diagnosis, monitoring and screening in community pharmacy, to guide both commissioners of NHS services and community pharmacies.

This e-assessment is linked with the CPPE Type 2 diabetes: supporting people better focal point programme and assesses you on the learning outcomes within that programme.

Why should I do this assessment?

The aim of this programme is to enable you to better support people with type 2 diabetes by applying the principles of the NICE guidance (NG28) into your practice. The workshop provides an opportunity to discuss with colleagues how these changes can positively support patient care; update your knowledge of the management of type 2 diabetes in line with NICE guidance, help you and your patients to better manage this condition, including reducing complications and improving outcomes for people with type 2 diabetes.

Learning Outcomes:

On completion of all aspects of this learning progrmame you should be able to:

• identify type 2 diabetes management options for people with cardiovascular comorbidities
• explain the principles of managing type 2 diabetes and rationale for different treatment options in a person-centred way
• discuss concerns about complications arising from type 2 diabetes, in particular, the side effects of medicines
• discuss how you can use sick day guidance to support and advise people with type 2 diabetes when they are generally unwell
• apply the NICE guideline Type 2 diabetes in adults: management (NG28) to support medicines optimisation for people with type 2 diabetes including sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)
• apply the principles of shared decision making in consultations with people with type 2 diabetes to make joint decisions about their treatment options.